Organizational Structure And Culture

Organizational Structure And Culture Apple is 56 and Intel is number 62 among fortune 500 company. I have selected these two companies to describe organizational structure and culture. 1. a) Organisational structure and culture Structure To meet goals, an organization finds a way to organize employees some kind of structure. Normally most of company use four types structure. Line structure, 2) Line and staff structure, 3) Matrix structure, 4) Team structure. Line structure Command from top to downward. Common of small company. Line Managers are collect analyzing all information. Line and staff structure This is for mid and large size company. Here employees hired to help line manager Matrix structure For a special project employee come from different department to help. Need to respond customer quickly. Team structure Brings people together with different skills to meat particular goals. Lower level manager need to approved decision. Team have power to take any decision. Apple The organizational structure of Apple is approximately non-existent and decided on introduction decision making in the hands of the people in the playing pitch. Apple is doing in credibly well and had attention of many people because; the company worked well and was very responsive to change. However, things took a downward turn and Apple found them in a financial nightmare. Apple suffered problems in regional areas, specifically in the accountability of spending and in fiscal decision-making. The same top-down ideology that helped Apple grow also opened the door for some serious financial losses. With employees at different levels making decisions, it became difficult for the corporate office to keep track of spending and purchasing. They have different adviser and manager for different product. As like every company they have retail operative, finance division, marketing etc. Intel Intel is number 62 of fortune 500 company. As like apple, Intel also uses flat organizational structure. Intel has seven directors, one CEO, and one chairman. And they have also different manager and adviser for different products. As like, PC silent group, this group is work in mobile and desktop sector. Data processing group, they work different forms of calculation. Visualization group, they work for advance solution. Marketing sector, they work to improve marketing and sales. Culture Apple The culture of apple was based on an idea that self-motivated individual will work hard if they do not have boss on their work. The structure of apple had allowed it. The reason is to take quick responsiveness. They believed it is much easier to get value of work. Apple initially grew fast because decisions were made at the lowest possible level. Head office made policy and oversaw all activates. But local employees take their decision day to day in all over the world. Intel Intel is the worlds largest microprocessor company. They found a place in fortunes list because of their work. Intel believes it is their obligation to provide their employees with challenging work that encourages them to create and innovate. Intels goal is to frame human resource polices that make easier for work. The company is believes in providing good opportunities of their employees. Employees are judge on their performance. For that employees can hold their position by preordaining well. 1. b) Relationship between structure and business performance Underlying culturerefers to organisational culture; bad patch refers to a period where business performance is low or employees are moving away from the organisational culture resulting in low business performance. Structure is the guideline of a business. It helps to work done easily. And culture increase employees mentality, so productivity will increase automatically. If organizations culture will strong, then business performance will end soon. 1. c) Factors to influence individual behaviour Those two companies have many factors to influence individual behaviour. Those companies do not push their employees. They take decision upon their individual performance. Apple use self-motivated theory. So that individual will work hard to hold their performance. Intel believed individual with challenging work encourages them to create and innovate. I think those factor influence individual behaviour. 2. a) Approaches to management and theories of organization 3.a) Leadership is a person who guides or inspires others. We have four basic leadership styles. Autocratic Bureaucratic Democratic Laissez-faire Autocratic is a classical approach. Here manager does not consult with any employee. Employees have to flow the order without any explanations. This leader ship style do not trust employee. Bureaucratic is leader flow book. Everything must be done according to the book, otherwise those leader refer to their upper level. This style effect when employee works with their routine, when they know standards of work, when they are work with danger. Democratic leadership style is known as participative style. It help employee to take any decision. Normally democratic leaders are allows employees to establish their goals, leaders want to provide opportunities. Laissez-faire is known as hands off style. Here manager provide little information but the leaders give much freedom. This leadership can be apply, when employees are high skilled. 3. b) Motivation is the driving force behind an action. It is very important because motivation decide our behaviour. Lots of motivation theory to motivate. But among them tow is very effective. Need hierarchy theory Herzbergs two-factor theory Need hierarchy theory in know as Maslows hierarchy of needs. This is a theory of psychology. This theory is one of the most discoursed motivation theories. Humans need cannot be fulfilling. This theory has five stapes to motivate people: 1.Self-actualization, 2. Esteem, 3. Love and belonging, 4. Safety needs, 5. Physiological needs. This motivation theory starts from physiological needs. Herzbergs two-factor theory motivates certain factors in the workplace. Two-factor theory distinguishes between: Motivator that is responsibility or can say that gives positive satisfaction. And the other is a Hygiene factor that is job security that does not give positive satisfaction. 3. C) Motivation theory is the key element of a leader. It changes management decision. Motivation theory describes to that how management take action with their employee. Because decisions change upon an employees demand. To motivate employee management have to fulfil their demand. So this theory has impact upon management actions. 4. a) Nature of group and group behaviour of organization In general views describe how a group to be planned and how its actions are be passed away. A group is a collection of two or more public who work with one another regularly to complete general goals. Groups help organizations achieve vital tasks. Effective groups get high levels of concert. Situations in which groups are better to individuals, when there is no clear expert in an exacting difficulty or task. 4. b) Effective team work Team work, it has been now a common practise in most organization. There are a certain people of an effective team that should be ensuring a good amount of output. It is right that an useful team at all times have clear team goals that give confidence team members to return priority of individual goals with that of team one. Common faith is also essential between team members and that can be facilitating from side to side open, honest and mutual managerial culture. 4. c) Technology always helps everywhere. Technology change team and maintain their knowledge. Some technology improve team function, like Email Mobile phone Computer ,etc Email takes less than a second to send news, by that group work can be done. Mobile phone is now most useful technology. I phone 4, recently apple launch it. It have video calling feature, so by that group work can be done. Conclusion In USA employee change their job 10 times in 20 years because of organization. If every organization should flow structure, culture, motivation theory then it can be reduce. And organization will get benefit from that.

Foundation of Business Law

Charlie is going to rescind the contract. He demands return of his money and compensation for the loss of commission on several high profile sales of his business. He wants to rescind the contract because the package of software recommend by Carmine was obsolete, despite Carmine’s assurances. This problem is concerned with the contents of the contract which is term in the contract, the misrepresentation and unconscionable conduct.Charlie will claim that Carmine verbal assurances about the condition of the package of the software which recommended by Carmine was unable to utilise the Land Titles Office’s electronic lodgement of documents. Carmine will refer to the written contract which contains a clause that there is no warranty is given about or the quality of the software. But the parol evidence will support Carmine’s contention that the contract between Charlie and Carmine which contains all the terms of the agreement.As these terms are clear and unambiguous, but there are no evidence can be admitted to change their contract. Charlie will claim that the â€Å"Contract of Sales† because that contract between he and Carmine was no in complete record. He will persist that it is an unclear and ambiguous written contract. If want applying the guidelines for the incorporation of oral terms it should show the guarantee about the software package in the term of the contract: * Timing of the statement Before signing the contract, Carmine have already assured Charlie.About that the software package was widely used by several of well-established real agencies in South Australia and was â€Å"more than adequate for a small agency which was treated as a term: Van den Esschert v Chappell (1960) WAR 114. * Where one of the parties has special skill and knowledge Carmine is a representative of Realtor Data Ltd which is a computer company that specialises in software for the real estate industry. So he has more knowledge and skill about the softw are than Charlie: Dick Bentley Productions v Harold Smith Motors (1965) 1 WLR 623. * Importance of the statementBefore signing the contract, Carmine has already repeated a request for assurance that the software can download all the conveyancing forms necessary for electronic lodgement at the Lands Titles Office, in the statement about the software was very important in the minds of both parties: Couchman v Hill (1947) KB 554. * Reduction of the term into writing The court will ask Charlie, why he does not persist to record the term in the written Contract of Sale: Routledge v Mckay (1954) 1 All ER 855. Charlie was unaware about the package of the software because he only has a basic knowledge about the software.Charlie can claim that the promise made by Carmine: ‘he assured Charlie would meet all his agency equipment’, it is a term of a separate or collateral contract which is supported by the consideration of entering into the main contract: De Lassalle v Guildford (1 901) 2 KB 215. The requirements of a collateral contract are as follow: * Promissory statement In the statement must have been promissory: JJ Savage & Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435. Carmine has already assured Charlie that he would meet all his agency requirements, which have already makes a promissory to Charlie.That mean the package of software can help Charlie download all the conveyancing forms necessary for electronic lodgement at the Charlie’s office. * Intention The promissory statement must have induced the other party to enter the contract: J Evan & Son (Portsmouth) Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd (1976) 1 WLR 1078. Charlie had signed and entered into the contract because Carmine assured Charlie that the package of software was widely used by several companies in South Australia and it is adequate for a small agency. Besides hat, Carmine also assured that Charlie would meet all his agency requirements. So, Charlie was induced and signed the contract. * No incon sistency There must be no inconsistency between the collateral contract and the term of the main contract: Hoyts v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133. This is an area difficultly for Charlie because the written contract does not record the oral promissory made by Carmine. Charlie asked Carmine that is the software suitable for his company use and Carmine has assured Charlie that it is suitable for his company but this is not written in the contract.Charlie has signed the contract without noticing that parol was not recorded in the written contract. If he sign the contract that means he has confirm the contract. Charlie would succeed in an action for misrepresentation. Carmine has made a statement of fact about the package of software (‘this package is widely used by several of well-established real agencies in South Australia wand was more than adequate for a small agency’) that is false and which has induced Charlie to signed and entered the contract. As a result of Carmine mis representation Charlie has suffered loss and damage of his company.It is fraudulent misrepresentation because Carmine knew that the package of software had already obsolete and had lie to make the sale. Charlie can rescind the contract and claim loss in the tort of deceit: Derry v Peek- Graw 12. 7. 2). Charlie can rescind the contract for unconscionable conduct. Carmine has destroyed the inequality in bargaining power that exists between him and Charlie. He is in much stronger position as a software dealer compared to Charlie who is in the weaker position as he just has basic knowledge of the software: CBA v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447.Conclusion * The parol evidence rule support Carmine contention that the contract between Charlie and Carmine contains all the terms of the agreement. * Charlie would argue that the contract is partly written and partly oral contract, so that is an incomplete contract. * Charlie can seek rescission of the contract and claim Carmine that his damages in t ort of fraudulent misrepresentation. * Charlie can rescind the contract between him and Carmine. References Foundation of Business Law 2012

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How Feudalism Played A Major Role With State And The...

Zachary Hayes British Literature I Dr. Dunnum 10/23/15 â€Å"In a feudal system, a peasant or worker known as a vassal received a piece of land in return for serving a lord or king, especially during times of war.† (Feudal System) During the Middle Ages and other parts of modern Europe, through texts, we can see how feudalism played a major role with state and the government. Kings looked at it as â€Å"higher authority† and have more control over the knights, nobles, and peasants that lie within that system. Though kings have more of a physical control throughout these texts, I believe the queens have more manipulative power. In Marie de France’s short story, â€Å"Lanval†, it is obvious that the state was in control of many lives. Throughout the†¦show more content†¦Later in the story, the reader experiences the power of the queen when Lanval denies her offer to love him. â€Å"The Queen saw him go off alone, And she headed straight for that knight. She sat near him, she called him over, She spoke as her heart would move her: ‘Lanval, I really do respect you, I really care, I really love, And you can have all my love.† (â€Å"France† 393-399) The queen began to accuse Lanval of being gay because he had never had a woman show him pleasure. Suddenly, Lanval admits that he is in love with someone else who would be far better than the queen herself, which sent the queen away crying. Soon afterwards, Lanval was commanded to appear in court without delay. The Queen’s assertive power was shown by her ability to punish innocent people, meaning she obviously got what she wanted regardless of whether it was right or not. The negative characteristics of the king are shown in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†. The descriptions the author uses to describe King Author and the descriptions used at the end of the story to describe the positive characteristics of Bertilak de Hautdesert. King Authur represents the king of the time period, while Bertilak represents the proper traits of a king. King Arthur embarrasses himself when neither he nor anyone else in the court are willing to accept the â€Å"green knightâ⠂¬â„¢s† challenge. Kings during the